Design Article
Has Thomas Edison ultimately won the DC vs AC power transmission controversy against Tesla?
Steve Taranovich
1/3/2013 11:37 AM EST
Well maybe for the early 21st century, but things can change in 50 to 100 years!
How ironic it is that the ABB HVDC Light underwater cable link between Connecticut and Long Island, NY is connected to Shoreham, NY---just a stone’s throw away from Tesla’s Wardenclyffe laboratory in Shoreham, NY and also the failed Shoreham nuclear power plant!
National Geographic had some very interesting energy quiz questions and the following are three that I found very pertinent to DC power transmission (Images are from an IEEE technology history presentation):
Late 19th century
Thomas Edison’s Pearl Street Station electrified a one-square-mile (2.6-square-kilometer) area of Lower Manhattan beginning September 4, 1882, providing power to illuminate his new electric light bulbs. The world’s first commercial electric power plant operated until it was destroyed by fire in 1890.

Figure 1: Edison’s Pearl Street station (Courtesy of Con Ed)
Figure 2: Shown are the underground DC mains that Edison wanted in this densely populated area of Southern Manhattan known as the First District (Courtesy of Con Ed)
Next: Large dynamos


Chris PE
1/7/2013 2:40 PM EST
First , I wanted to ask if this article was reserved for April Foos Day. Second , it looks like all my physics and advances circuits professors were idiots. The third - heart is a "motor" of our body. It works on quite complicated principle of electrical pulses. I would like to explain something without going too deep into a subject. Positive pulse causes the heart to contract (and stay as long as pulse lasts) Negative pulse relaxes heart muscle. Therefore for those who still believe in idiotic Edison experiment with an elephant - it is NOT AC that kills easy, but DC. They just killed an elephant by burning it! DC causes heart muscle contraction and often leads to sudden death. AC will cause heart flutter and also lead to complications, byt rarely death. Most animals can be killed with a trivial 48VDC and lower. Another thing is a destruction from an electrical line contact. It can damage a lot, but DC always does it irreversibly. No smallest doubt about it.
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leveles
1/8/2013 3:49 PM EST
NO, HARDLY.
That is, AC vs. DC debate as to their superiority is as pointless, as it can get. The level of the technology at a given date sets the constraints, what can be accomplished with which.
Right now, in telecomm centers AC to medium DC to regulated DC is the most modern distribution with central DC battery to AC UPS. Which wins? NONE.
Modern VFD (variable frequency drive) for big industrial motors is essentially in the same
situation. 6kV handled in the electronic power modules (DC powered in themselves). When SiC (carbide) cooling and insulating blocks will be more widespread in power semiconductors, it will go up significantly.
AC vs. DC. Nah, both are needed in their proper applications.
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cementchem
1/11/2013 4:56 PM EST
Herbissimus 1.8.2013 7:07 mentioned the DC line to LA. Here is a little information to add:
The Pacific Intertie transmits 500 kV direct current, 3100 megawatts from the Pacific NorthWest Bonneville Power Administration station at Dalles Oregon in the Columbia River area to Los Angeles. This high efficiency electrical transmission line does require converters to convert the AC from the hydroelectric power plants into DC for transmission and then at the Sylmar Converter Station, to convert the DC back into AC for local distribution. This power system supplies nearly half of the electricity for the Los Angeles area and with very high efficiency. LA requires a much higher electrical demand midsummer due to air conditioning load and the Pacific Intertie uses the abundant hydroelectric power from melting snow in the Pacific Northwest area and also the Pacific Intertie can send electricity back to the PNW areas, in the winter when their electrical demand for heating is high. Cheers!
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Charlie007
1/11/2013 10:40 PM EST
So, how is the AC from the generators converted to DC (what kind of rectifiers handle that kind of current/voltage?), and how is the DC converted back to AC? Anyone have HIGH power experience that can tell me? Thanks!
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steve.taranovich
1/12/2013 3:32 PM EST
Hi Charlie007,
I have to save some more tech items for my next articles on this subject. A 25,000 word article on EDN is hard to digest, so this is only an intro---more to come on this issue and thanks to everyone who commented----I hear you and appreciate and respect your feedback!
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Chris PE
1/22/2013 5:12 PM EST
Charlie, they have not been mdse yet. I propose mercury tubes if anyone remembers those.I feel sorry for music lovers , because all electronics will sound like crap.And the most important - in all years of my pretty long life I have not see PURE sine-wave DC -AC converter.
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kenish
3/6/2013 6:33 PM EST
I've toured the DC-AC converter in Sylmar, CA. The 750kVDC is split into three, 250kVDC parts. Mercury thyratrons do the switching (each section is on taller insulators). They are timed and triggered optically. The "stairstep" sine waves are passed through capacitor banks. The building and outdoor equipment are surrounded by Faraday cages for EMI. For those familiar w/ LA, the facility ground cable originally ran south about 20 miles along I-405. It wasn't adequate and was extended to LAX airport, where it turns west and goes undersea for 10 miles! I saw it some years ago, so it may have been retrofitted/upgraded since.
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Jackever
1/8/2013 8:35 PM EST
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/98-131/pdfs/98-131.pdf
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Chris PE
1/7/2013 2:42 PM EST
Sorry , I meant April Fools Day and advanced circuits professors.Sorry for mistakes.
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niehaoma
1/8/2013 3:01 PM EST
Why the incessant need to constantly try and undermine Nikola Tesla? Even if, as the article suggests, modern technology supports the reemergence of DC, then how can that be attributed to Edison? Bottom line, in their respective co-existence, both subject to the technology of their time, as well as their own intellect and ingenuity, Tesla out-engineered Thomas Edison. End of story.
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Chris PE
1/10/2013 7:24 AM EST
ABSOLUTELY AGREE!!!!
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one_armed_bandit
1/8/2013 3:14 PM EST
I would also like to see Edison get away with buying cats and dogs for a quarter and then publicly electrocuting them. Aside from the fact he is dead, of course.
I am not qualified to judge the veracity of the claims - I only play EE on TV, but I found the article to be an advert for ABBA.
One of my questions is: given that the footprint of the towers are roughly 2:1 (AC needs 2 towers to every 1 for DC, according to the pictures), can the existing transmission lines be switched over without changing the middle? (obviously the ends would need to change.)
Tesla was a true genius. Edison was a businessman who hired bright folks. Tesla had more inventiveness in his pinky than Edison in his head. Both had their place, but Tesla is a better hero.
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Chris PE
1/10/2013 7:23 AM EST
Very well written! Edison was only a businessman , not much of an engineer and on a top of it deeply dislexic. How can anyone even compare him to Tesla. Edison had tons of assistants - prominent one being Tesla in his young years. Is anyone sure that many Edison's discoveries were not done by one of his talented assistants?
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jcharlie
1/8/2013 3:17 PM EST
Blatant assertions without numbers fly in the face of reality, albeit satisfying to some. Neither IR losses are presented numerically, nor is the efficiency of the DC to AC and AC to DC conversion so brazenly presented in order to make a distributable product.
No numbers, no facts, no sense, or, rather, nonsense.
A little learning is a dangerous thing
Drink deep of the Pyrian Spring.
We live in a world of dumbed down folks, one product of which is this bit of advertising propaganda for a Swiss switch (in itself ridiculous).
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Chris PE
1/10/2013 7:18 AM EST
EXCELLENT!!!!!
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rosekgiz
1/8/2013 4:13 PM EST
High voltage DC transmission lines are definitely the future for power distribution systems - several of these transmission lines are already in use in Eurasia and several areas of Northern Europe. Power distribution in our hybrid-electric combat vehicles utilize a HVDC link for power distribution; various conversion modules take care of sourcing different levels of DC voltages and/or AC voltages as requirements dictate - these converters are all efficient in the ranges from ~94% to 97%.
As far as Edison's approach to try and prove AC more dangerous than DC, that was extremely unfortunate and wrong-headed. Death from either DC or AC is still death and if a current path is found through one's heart, all bets are off! By the way, the SAE specifies a safe DC voltage level of 48VDC maximum.
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Chris PE
1/10/2013 7:17 AM EST
As far as 48V - yes for humans ,but try some if you have an occasion , you will feel a little zap!AC electricution survival rate is higher.DC is almost always fatal .I did not go into physiology , but you can Google it to understand what I meant.
Regards,
Chris
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EMCgenius
1/8/2013 4:31 PM EST
Definitely a PR puff piece for the technically semi-literate, and not reasonable for this audience. EDN must be hurting for content.
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doehunter
1/8/2013 5:29 PM EST
EMCgenius - quite taken with yourself are you?
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shikantaza
1/8/2013 5:51 PM EST
Was Edison better? Was Tesla better? This kind of question is bunk - it verges on religious argument. Look at the technology of the time, and which system was used to implement the power grid.
Can we build a technically superior power grid, lo, these 100+ years later? Yeah. Give Edison points for trying it out back when - even major failures provide valuable lessons. They point out what has to be invented.
Edison told George Westinghouse's son, after George's demise, "Tell your father I was wrong." Nice sportsmanship, eh?
So, does the increasing viability of HVDC distribution invalidate Tesla's achievements? Tesla's main fault was his near-total lack of business acumen. If he had become insanely rich, would everyone think better of him?
If so, I think there are questions we should be asking ourselves about what we really value.
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pcsalex
1/8/2013 6:07 PM EST
who of you folks has practical experience with DC power distribution system? Unfortunately in my childhood until 1952 we had 220DC, I could tell you, DC shock is much worse than AC for the same voltage, and all light switches, connectors [power outlet] plugs have a very limited life time, DC arc burns everything.
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Chris PE
1/10/2013 7:13 AM EST
Great points! DC is MUCH more dangerous when electricuted. DC electric arc can burn a switch after a few uses.
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BiBimNaengMyun
1/10/2013 2:11 PM EST
True. That's why, for example, all of our 48VDC battery circuit switches and breakers are OVER ENGINEERED (purposeful emphasis) and why we use 0000 gauge copper cable in our mobile data applications.
Even 48V can leave a nasty burn - personally experienced :-(
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herbissimus
1/8/2013 7:07 PM EST
i have an old map of the u.s. grid showing every major line and power station functioning in 1974. it shows a HVDC link from the columbia river to los angeles. one would be left wondering how it is protected without ABB's super fast "miracle disconnect" ? as of a few years ago i witnessed its operation : at least 30+ years. not bad for pre 1970 technology.
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BiBimNaengMyun
1/10/2013 2:08 PM EST
I believe that link is still up. In addition, there's another link between southern Oregon and the Bay Area, that starts in the Siskiyous.
There are numerous DC links around, and your question is valid - how are they protected now?
=curious, small-circuit analog guy with no power distro experience=
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jhm001
1/11/2013 4:38 PM EST
Yes, the link is still working. I drive under the lines each day on my commute to work. I think the big deal with this new breaker is it's ability to inflate the stock price of its manufacturer.
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WinfriedB
1/18/2013 5:46 AM EST
The link from the Cabora Bassa dam in Mosambic to South Africa is approx. 1450km (approx. 900 miles) long and transports 533kVDC. 2kA semiconductor switches (developed by AEG of Germany) handle this voltage since 1979.
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steve.taranovich
1/19/2013 12:01 AM EST
Nice example WinfriedB!
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WKetel
1/8/2013 7:46 PM EST
Several things are clear: For long distance power transmission lines, DC is more efficient. No question about that. BUT when we get to the end of the line and need the voltage stepped down to make our LED lighting system work, That is a different sort of challenge. Distribution of power throughout the neighborhoods presently uses a lot of transformers, so that the feeds can be higher voltage at lower current.
The challenge, now as back in Edison's time, is voltage changing. DC transformers still need a few active parts, they are still more expensive and less reliable, and they take up more room.
So the final conclusion, for now at least, is that each mode has it's application, and the applications are not the same.
And the explanation in the video left a whole lot of question unanswered, at least, it didn't answer many of my questions. It would be adequate for a liberal in government, but not for any engineer. Could we have an actual explanation, please?
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Jerry.Brittingham
1/10/2013 4:39 PM EST
Please excuse my ignorance but in 52 years as an EE (47 as a PE) I have never seen a DC transformer.
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kenish
3/6/2013 6:36 PM EST
You get a brief output while DC ramps up on the primary side...then it sits and gets hot!
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Codybeer
1/11/2013 8:55 AM EST
Oh-didn't know liberals weren't technically inclined, or engineers. Wow-I must have been living a lie all these years. Today's factoid-democrats, on average, are better educated and earn more money. You could look it up.
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Work to Ride comma Ride to Work
1/10/2013 1:40 PM EST
This whole "Battle of the Currents" thing is silly (stupid) to begin with. No one is going to fix a Swiss watch with an air wrench. Likewise, you're not going to change the tire on a semi with jeweler's screwdrivers. Use the right flippin' tool for the job. Connecting grids with HVDC sounds like a good use of that tool. Local distribution using DC sounds foolhardy. What's wrong with letting the economics of the situation dictate the tool? The BPA has been using HVDC links for decades. It makes good cents. I believe we may be building an argument for creating a nationwide HVDC "Interstate Highway" system for distribution of power. Sharing capacity sounds like a good idea. The other thing is are your lives so vacuous that you actually expend effort on defending whether Edison or Tesla had a larger p----, I mean intellect? Get a life.
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K1200LT Rider
1/14/2013 8:32 PM EST
I'd like to see the efficiency factors for converting from AC to DC and then back again for a multiple-100 kV transmission line. And then I'd like to see the reliability and longevity of the equipment required to do this. Also, why is a transmission line more efficient for DC than for 60 Hz AC? It may be, but it's not explained.
This whole idea seems ridiculously impractical and unlikely.
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steve.taranovich
1/24/2013 4:22 PM EST
ABB has some great papers on these issues from actual field performance http://www.abb.com/abblibrary/DownloadCenter/?CategoryID=9AAC30300393&View=Result&DocumentKind=Article&SortBy=Date
IEEE XPlore also has some really good papers on these issues, but you need to register and pay for most of these---they're really informative http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/guesthome.jsp
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